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游泳規則

自由泳

　　自由泳實用性強，在奧運會游泳比賽中佔有很重要的地位。奧運會自由泳項目男子有50公尺、100公尺、200公尺、400公尺、1500公尺、4×100公尺接力、4×200公尺接力7項；女子有50公尺、100公尺、200公尺、400公尺、800公尺、4×100公尺接力6項。自由泳項目在全部游泳項目中占13項，而且混合泳和混合泳接力中也包括自由泳，因此自由泳往往被看作是衡量一個國家游泳水準的標桿。

游泳接力

　　接力游泳屬團體比賽項目，每隊4人參賽，以各隊總成績決定名次。自由泳接力中4人均以自由泳姿勢游完1/4距離；混合泳接力按仰泳、蛙泳、蝶泳、自由泳順序，每人用一種姿勢游完 1/4 距離。前一運動員游完規定距離並按規則要求觸池壁時，後一運動員方可離出發台出發。如出發過早須返回重新觸池壁，否則即判犯規。一人犯規即為全隊犯規，取消比賽資格。

　　比賽規則規定，接力賽中第1個運動員的成績可以單獨承認，因此一般都把成績最好的運動員安排在第1個，以增加創造紀錄的機會。同時把實力最強的運動員排在最後，以利衝刺。接力游泳是一項競爭極為激烈的比賽項目，自由泳接力要求相當高的單項發展實力，混合泳接力則要求 4 種姿勢都要有高水準的運動員。透過接力游泳比賽可以看出一個國家游泳全面發展的情況。

混合式

　　個人混合泳屬個人全能項目，比賽按蝶泳、仰泳、蛙泳、自由泳順序，各游1/4距離。

水球

　　每場比賽分4節進行，每節為7分鐘，每兩節之間休息2分鐘，並交換場地。比賽以把球的整體射入對方的球門為得1分，終場得分多者為勝。

　　比賽時除守門員外，任何人都不能用雙手觸球，也不能把球按入水中，否則將被判為犯規。當進攻一方控球在手時，防守一方可以將其按壓入水，但其目的必須是為了搶球，如攻方一旦將球鬆手，而守方繼續進行按壓時，即被視為犯規。

　　水球比賽犯規分一般犯規和嚴重犯規。一般犯規由對方在犯規處發間接自由球；嚴重犯規則將被處以罰出場35秒或4公尺直接自由球。犯規野蠻者還可能被取消全場比賽的資格。

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場地設備

　　水球運動設施條件包括水球場和水球門，以及水球本身。

水球場

　　水球場為專用的長方形水池。兩端各設有高90公分、寬3公尺的球門一個。水池長30公尺，寬20公尺；女子池長25公尺，寬17公尺。水深不得淺於1.80公尺。在水球場地的各邊線及界線，都設有明顯的標誌。邊線及端線是以白色的浮標為標誌，各界線則是以岸上不同顏色的小旗作為標誌。這些不同顏色的小旗在使用上有統一的規定：球門線及中線為白色；2公尺禁線為紅色；4公尺禁線為黃色。在水球池與兩邊平行的岸上，各設有一條高約60~70公分的通道，是為裁判觀察而設。此外，在場地的兩個對角處，各設有兩個35秒電動計時器。這一設備是為了計算進攻一方控球的時間。計時器以遞減的形式進行，35秒終了即為控球違例。35秒電動計時器的設置是第廿三屆奧運會以後，對水球規則進行修改而作出的規定。

水球門

　　球門柱和球門橫木用7.5公分×7.5公分見方的木質、金屬或合成材料製成，並塗以白色。球門規格寬3公尺 (從兩球門柱內沿之間計算)，高90公分 (從球門橫木下沿與水面的距離計算)。球門的兩側與後方用軟網封閉，網底離球門線不得少於30公分，撐起的網與球門的深度相等，球門柱必須垂直固定在球門線上，球門安放在場地端線的中央，與端線或其他障礙物至少有30公分的距離。

水球

　　水球為圓形，內中儲滿空氣，並裝有自動封閉閥。球的周長為68~71公分，標準重量為400~450克。五○年代以前，水球比賽用球多為皮革製成。規則規定比賽用球不得塗擦油脂或類似油脂的物質。由於比賽中球受水的浸泡，因而重量往往超過規定的標準。五○年代以後，改用橡膠製造，克服了這一缺點。

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水上芭蕾 (大陸稱花樣游泳)

　　比賽在不得小於12×12公尺，深3公尺的游泳池中進行。分規定動作和自選動作，自選動作需配有音樂伴奏。每個動作都定有難度係數。動作可在陸上開始，但必須在水中結束。每個動作最高評分10分，以得分總和計成績。

　　基本姿勢

　　國際游泳總會公佈的水上芭蕾競賽規則中共規定了15種基本姿勢，它們是：仰浮、俯浮、側浮、屈膝、單芭蕾腿、雙芭蕾腿、火鶴、垂直、鶴立、魚尾、團身、前屈體、後屈體、劈叉和騎士。

　　基本運動

　　與各種基本姿勢連接構成一個完整的花樣動作。包括轉體、旋轉、海豚式、芭蕾舉腿、放下芭蕾腿、 "卡塔裏納" 轉動、反"卡塔裏納"轉動、上拱成仰浮、越步共9種基本動作。

　　花樣動作

　　規定動作的組成部分，原有110個花樣動作，國際規則修改後增加為185個動作。共分四類。

芭蕾腿類

　　共有56個動作。各種動作均呈以芭蕾腿姿勢開始。以 "1" 為排頭數字組成代號。難度係數最低1.5，最高2.3。

海豚類

　　共有36個動作。各種動作均呈頭向 (腳向) 海豚姿勢開始。以 "2" 為排頭數字組成代號。難度係數最低1.5，最高2.4。

梭魚類

　　共有68個動作。各種動作均以屈體團身姿勢開始，以 "3" 為排頭數字組成代號。難度係數最低 1.1 ，最高 2.3 。

鶴立類

　　共有25個動作。各種動作均以仰臥或俯臥姿勢開始，以 "4" 為排頭數字組成代號。難度係數最低1.5，最高2.3。

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你喜歡看網球轉播嗎？是否有時候會對裁判的判決感到疑惑，甚至對計分的方法也是一頭霧水呢？看完以下的「網球規則半小時速成」之後，相信各種疑難雜症必能迎刃而解 。
  
發球失誤
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發球的位置雖底線後方，卻沒有在中央標誌與邊線的延長線之間發球。
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發球的過程中，腳踩線或越線。
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發球中走動改變位置。假使腳動，實際上並沒有變動最初的位置不算失誤。
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拋球擊球，沒打到。（揮拍落空）
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發出的球碰到裁判或裁判台。
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雙打時，發球觸到己方隊友。

重新發球
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球觸網或吊帶之後，進入對方球場。若球觸及網架時則為失誤。
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球觸網或吊帶，在落地之前觸及接球者的身體或球拍時。
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雖已拋球，卻沒揮拍時。
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接球者尚未準備妥當，而且已經表示「尚未準備好」時。

比賽中的失分
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連續兩次發球失誤時。
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用球拍打或碰球一次以上時。
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球尚未越過球網，即刻擊回時。
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比賽時身體或球拍觸網或網架時。例如雙打時，隊友或自己揮掉球拍觸網。
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投球拍打球時。

突破平手計分式
網球比賽時，比數為5-5時延長比賽，預防延長賽之持繼不絕，遂使用突破平手計分方式。當其中一人在5-5之後連勝兩局，則取得這一盤，若各勝一局，使比數形成6-6，則第七局進行如下：
單打：
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先取7分為勝者。當比數為6-6時，繼續比賽到有2分的差距。其間的比數以數字表示 得分8-9或10-11 。
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發球順序，選手A為第1分發球者，從右側發球。
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接下來由選手B發球，先從左側發球，接著從右側發球，作2分的發球（第2分與第3分 ）。
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第4分的發球又輪到選手A，先從左側，再從右側，作2分的發球。
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第6分的發球再輪到選手B，若球發完畢（二者比數相加為6）就換場。
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換場之後，選手B作第2分的發球，（換場後的第1個發球），以後則在左、右兩側輪 流作2分的發球。
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tie break結束。該局的比數就是7--6，換場再戰。

雙打：
雙打時，
適用單打的方法。發球之順序是選手作第1分發球時要在右側，然後對方的發球者在左側和右側2分的發球。接下來由作第1分發球隊伍的另一選手作發球者，由左、右側作2分的發球。接下來在這局或盤結束之前，四位選手依單打的方法輪流，各作2分的發球，當然第6分結束時要換場

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網球比賽的基本規則

在網球單打比賽開始時，發球員先從右半場端線後發球，之後雙方隔網來回對擊，直到有一方有失誤出現時，就算對方得一分。每得或失一分時，發球員必須變換發球位置。在比賽進行中，在球未落地或落地一次後都可接擊。


網球得分的計算方式   　　

一般網球比賽以先得4分的一方就是勝一局。
如果一局中先出現各得3分時稱為「平分」，必須再淨勝2分才能算勝一局。勝六局則算勝一盤。
如果雙方各勝五局，同樣必須再淨勝2局才能算勝一盤。可採五盤三勝或三盤兩勝制。
如果比賽局數是六平或八平時，則用12分7勝的決勝制。
硬式網球無論單、雙打或混雙都採一盤六局制先勝六者為領先一盤，比賽可採一、三、五盤決勝，而一盤中如為五局平要連勝二局，打到六局平時要打搶七分制(Tie Break)。

軟式網球單打採七局四勝制，雙打採九局五勝制。
如為3局或4局平時則要速勝兩局。每局均以四分計算三分平手時要連贏二分。
硬式網球中裁判每局計分為15、30、40、0等，例如：15比30。
軟式網球中裁判每局計分為1、2、3、0等，例如：0比2。


網球場上的禁忌

在球落地第二次不可接擊，否則為對方得分。

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F1 06改例

From the 2005 Formula One Technical Regulations:

ARTICLE 5: ENGINE
5.1 Engine specification:
5.1.1 Only 4-stroke engines with reciprocating pistons are permitted.
5.1.2 Subject only to Article 5.2, engine capacity must not exceed 2400 cc.
5.1.3 Supercharging is forbidden.
5.1.4 All engines must have 8 cylinders arranged in a 90º “V” configuration and the normal section of each cylinder must be circular.
5.1.5 Engines must have two inlet and two exhaust valves per cylinder.
Only reciprocating poppet valves are permitted.
The sealing interface between the moving valve component and the stationary engine component must be circular.
5.2 Alternative engines:
For 2006 and 2007 only, the FIA reserves the right to allow any team to use an engine complying with the 2005 engine regulations, provided its maximum crankshaft rotational speed does not exceed a limit fixed from time to time by the FIA so as to ensure that such an engine will only be used by a team which does not have access to a competitive 2.4 litre V8 engine.
5.3 Other means of propulsion:
5.3.1 Subject only to Article 5.2, the use of any device, other than the 2.4 litre, four stroke engine described in 5.1 above, to power the car, is not permitted.
5.3.2 The total amount of recoverable energy stored on the car must not exceed 300kJ, any which may be recovered at a rate greater than 2kW must not exceed 20kJ.
5.4 Engine dimensions:
5.4.1 Cylinder bore diameter may not exceed 98mm.
5.4.2 Cylinder spacing must be fixed at 106.5mm (+/- 0.2mm).
5.4.3 The crankshaft centreline must not be less than 58mm above the reference plane.
5.5 Weight and centre of gravity:
5.5.1 The overall weight of the engine must be a minimum of 95kg.
5.5.2 The centre of gravity of the engine may not lie less than 165mm above the reference plane.
5.5.3 The longitudinal and lateral position of the centre of gravity of the engine must fall within a region that is the geometric centre of the engine, +/- 50mm.
5.5.4 When establishing conformity with Article 5.5, the engine will include the intake system up to and including the air filter, fuel rail and injectors, ignition coils, engine mounted sensors and wiring, alternator, coolant pumps and oil pumps.
5.5.5 When establishing conformity with Article 5.5, the engine will not include liquids, exhaust manifolds, heat shields, oil tanks, water system accumulators, heat exchangers, hydraulic system (e.g. pumps, accumulators, manifolds, servo-valves, solenoids, actuators) except servo-valve and actuator for engine throttle control, fuel pumps nor any component not mounted on the engine when fitted to the car.
5.6 Variable geometry systems:
5.6.1 Variable geometry inlet systems are not permitted.
5.6.2 Variable geometry exhaust systems are not permitted.
5.6.3 Variable valve timing and variable valve lift systems are not permitted.
5.7 Fuel systems
5.7.1 The pressure of the fuel supplied to the injectors may not exceed 100 bar. Sensors must be fitted which directly measure the pressure of the fuel supplied to the injectors, these signals must be supplied to the FIA data logger.
5.7.2 Only one fuel injector per cylinder is permitted which must inject directly into the side or the top of the inlet port.
5.8 Electrical systems:
5.8.1 Ignition is only permitted by means of a single ignition coil and single spark plug per cylinder. The use of plasma, laser or other high frequency ignition techniques is forbidden.
5.8.2 Only conventional spark plugs that function by high tension electrical discharge across an exposed gap are permitted.
Spark plugs are not subject to the materials restrictions described in Articles 5.13 and 5.14.
5.8.3 The primary regulated voltage on the car must not exceed 17.0V DC. This voltage is defined as the stabilised output from the on-car charging system.
5.9 Engine actuators:
With the following exceptions hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic actuation is forbidden:
a) Electronic solenoids uniquely for the control of engine fluids;
B) Components providing controlled pressure air for a pneumatic valve system;
c) A single actuator to operate the throttle system of the engine.
5.10 Engine auxiliaries:
With the exception of electrical fuel pumps engine auxiliaries must be mechanically driven directly from the engine with a fixed speed ratio to the crankshaft.
5.11 Engine intake air:
5.11.1 Other than injection of fuel for the normal purpose of combustion in the engine, any device, system, procedure, construction or design the purpose or effect of which is any decrease in the temperature of the engine intake air is forbidden.
5.11.2 Other than engine sump breather gases and fuel for the normal purpose of combustion in the engine, the spraying of any substance into the engine intake air is forbidden.
5.12 Materials and Construction - Definitions:
5.12.1 X Based Alloy (e.g. Ni based alloy) – X must be the most abundant element in the alloy on a %w/w basis. The minimum possible weight percent of the element X must always be greater than the maximum possible of each of the other individual elements present in the alloy.
5.12.2 X-Y Based Alloy (e.g. Al-Cu based alloy) – X must be the most abundant element as in 5.12.1 above. In addition element Y must be the second highest constituent (%w/w), after X in the alloy. The mean content of Y and all other alloying elements must be used to determine the second highest alloying element (Y).
5.12.3 Intermetallic Materials (e.g. TiAl, NiAl, FeAl, Cu3Au, NiCo) – These are materials where the material is based upon intermetallic phases, i.e. the matrix of the material consists of greater then 50%v/v intermetallic phase(s). An intermetallic phase is a solid solution between two or more metals exhibiting either partly ionic or covalent, or metallic bonding with a long range order, in a narrow range of composition around the stoichiometric proportion.
5.12.4 Composite Materials – These are materials where a matrix material is reinforced by either a continuous or discontinuous phase. The matrix can be metallic, ceramic, polymeric or glass based. The reinforcement can be present as long fibres (continuous reinforcement); or short fibres, whiskers and particles (discontinuous reinforcement).
5.12.5 Metal Matrix Composites (MMC's) – These are materials with a metallic matrix containing a phase of greater than 2%v/v which is not soluble in the liquid phase of the metallic matrix.
5.12.6 Ceramic Materials (e.g. Al2O3, SiC, B4C, Ti5Si3, SiO2, Si3N4) – These are inorganic, non metallic solids.
5.13 Materials and construction – General:
5.13.1 Unless explicitly permitted for a specific engine component, the following materials may not be used anywhere on the engine:
a) Magnesium based alloys
B) Metal Matrix Composites (MMC's)
c) Intermetallic materials
d) Alloys containing more than 5% by weight of Beryllium, Iridium or Rhenium.
5.13.2 Coatings are free provided the total coating thickness does not exceed 25% of the section thickness of the underlying base material in all axes. In all cases the relevant coating must not exceed 0.8mm.
5.14 Materials and construction – Components:
5.14.1 Pistons must be manufactured from an aluminium alloy which is either Al-Si; Al-Cu; Al-Mg or Al-Zn based.
5.14.2 Piston pins must be manufactured from an iron based alloy and must be machined from a single piece of material.
5.14.3 Connecting rods must be manufactured from iron or titanium based alloys and must be machined from a single piece of material with no welded or joined assemblies (other than a bolted big end cap or an interfered small end bush).
5.14.4 Crankshafts must be manufactured from an iron based alloy.
No welding is permitted between the front and rear main bearing journals.
No material with a density exceeding 19,000kg/m3 may be assembled to the crankshaft.
5.14.5 Camshafts must be manufactured from an iron based alloy.
Each camshaft and lobes must be machined from a single piece of material.
No welding is allowed between the front and rear bearing journals.
5.14.6 Valves must be manufactured from alloys based on Iron, Nickel, Cobalt or Titanium.
Hollow structures cooled by sodium, lithium or similar are permitted.
5.14.7 Reciprocating and rotating components:
a) Reciprocating and rotating components must not be manufactured from graphitic matrix, metal matrix composites or ceramic materials. This restriction does not apply to the clutch and any seals;
B) Rolling elements of rolling element bearings must be manufactured from an iron based alloy;
c) Timing gears between the crankshaft and camshafts (including hubs) must be manufactured from an iron based alloy.
5.14.8 Static components:
a) Engine crankcases and cylinder heads must be manufactured from cast or wrought aluminium alloys.
No composite materials or metal matrix composites are permitted either for the whole component or locally.
B) Any metallic structure whose primary or secondary function is to retain lubricant or coolant within the engine must be manufactured from an iron based alloy or an aluminium alloy of the Al-Si, Al-Cu, Al-Zn or Al-Mg alloying systems.
c) All threaded fasteners must be manufactured from an alloy based on Cobalt, Iron or Nickel.
Composite materials are not permitted.
d) Valve seat inserts, valve guides and any other bearing component may be manufactured from metallic infiltrated pre-forms with other phases which are not used for reinforcement.
5.15 Starting the engine:
A supplementary device temporarily connected to the car may be used to start the engine both on the grid and in the pits.
5.16 Stall prevention systems:
If a car is equipped with a stall prevention system, and in order to avoid the possibility of a car involved in an accident being left with the engine running, all such systems must be configured to stop the engine no more than ten seconds after activation.

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FIA Rules & Regulations Sporting Regulations
2006 season changes
Rules & Regulations - 2004 season changes Rules & Regulations - 2004 season changes
A number of changes to both the Sporting and Technical Regulations have been made by the FIA for the 2006 Formula One season.

Qualifying
For 2006, the single-lap system used in recent years is replaced be a new three-part, knockout format, with multiple cars on track throughout the qualifying hour, which is split into two 15-minute sessions and a final 20-minute session, with five-minute breaks in between.

Part one: All 20 cars may run laps at any time during the first 15 minutes of the hour. At the end of the first 15 minutes, the five slowest cars drop out and fill the final five grid places.

Part two: After a five-minute break, the times will be reset and the 15 remaining cars then will then run in a second 15-minute session - again they may complete as many laps as they want at any time during that period. At the end of the 15 minutes, the five slowest cars drop out and fill places 11 to 15 on the grid.

Part three: After another five-minute break, the times are reset and the final 20-minute session will feature a shootout between the remaining 10 cars to decide pole position and the starting order for the top 10 grid places. Again, these cars may run as many laps as they wish.

In the first two 15-minute sessions, cars may run any fuel load and drivers knocked out after those sessions may refuel ahead of the race. However, the top-ten drivers must begin the final 20-minute session with the fuel load on which they plan to start the race. They will be weighed before they leave the pits, and whatever fuel they use in the 20 minutes may be replaced at the end of the session.

If a driver is deemed to have stopped unnecessarily on the circuit or impeded another driver during the qualifying session, then his times will be cancelled.

Engines
For 2006, engines are reduced in size from the previous 3-litre V10s to 2.4-litre V8s. The aim is to reduce costs and improve safety. With similar engine speeds, the change is expected to cut peak power by around 200bhp, which in turn is likely to add around five seconds to lap times at most circuits. The FIA may allow some teams to use 2005-spec V10s if they do not have access to competitive V8. The FIA will enforce a rev limit on any V10s to ensure performance is comparable with that of a V8.

Tyres
After a season’s absence, tyre changes during races return to Formula One in 2006. The thinking behind this is that the reduced engine size will offset any performance gain. Drivers also have access to slightly more tyres than in 2005 - seven sets of dry-weather, four sets of wet-weather and three sets of extreme-weather. Drivers must make a final choice of dry-weather compound ahead of qualifying.

Weekend schedule
In a slight change to the Grand Prix weekend format, Saturday morning now features a single, one-hour practice session, as opposed to two, 45-minute sessions. It takes place between 1100 and 1200. Qualifying is an hour later than before, commencing at 1400.
FIA Regulations in detail
Published with permission from the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile.

From the 2006 Formula One Sporting Regulations:

FREE PRACTICE
114) Free practice sessions will take place:
a) The day after initial scrutineering from 11.00 to 12.00 and from 14.00 to 15.00.
B) The day before the race from 11.00 to 12.00.

QUALIFYING PRACTICE
115) The qualifying practice session will take place on the day before the race from 14.00 to 15.00.
The session will be run as follows:
a) From 14.00 to 14.15 all cars will be permitted on the track and at the end of this period the slowest five cars, taking into account only laps which were completed before the end of the period, will be prohibited from taking any further part in the session.
Lap times achieved by the fifteen remaining cars will then be deleted.
B) From 14.20 to 14.35 the fifteen remaining cars will be permitted on the track and at the end of this period the slowest five cars, taking into account only laps which were completed before the end of the period, will be prohibited from taking any further part in the session.
Lap times achieved by the ten remaining cars will then be deleted.
c) From 14.40 to 15.00 the ten remaining cars will be permitted on the track.
The above procedure is based upon a Championship entry of 20 cars. If 22 are entered six cars will be excluded after each of the periods a) and B) and, if 24 are entered, six cars will be excluded after each of the periods a) and B) leaving 12 cars eligible for period c).
116) If, in the opinion of the stewards, a driver deliberately stops on the circuit or impedes another driver in any way during the qualifying practice session his times will be cancelled.

SUPPLY OF TYRES IN THE CHAMPIONSHIP AND TYRE LIMITATION DURING THE EVENT
73) Supply of tyres:
a) Any tyre company wishing to supply tyres to Formula One Teams must notify the FIA of its intention to do so no later than 1 January preceding the year during which such tyres will be supplied.
Any tyre company wishing to cease the supply of tyres to Formula One Teams must notify the FIA of its intention to do so no later than 1 January of the year preceding that in which such tyres were to be supplied.
B) No tyre may be used in the Championship unless the company supplying such tyre accepts and adheres to the following conditions:
- one tyre supplier present in the Championship: this company must equip 100% of the entered teams on ordinary commercial terms;
- two tyre suppliers present: each of them must, if called upon to do so, be prepared to equip up to 60% of the entered teams on ordinary commercial terms;
- three or more tyre suppliers present: each of them must, if called upon to do so, be prepared to equip up to 40% of the entered teams on ordinary commercial terms;
- each tyre supplier must undertake to provide no more than two specifications of dry-weather tyre to each Team at each Event, each of which must be of one homogenous compound. Any modification or treatment, other than heating, carried out to a tyre or tyres will be considered a change of specification;
- each tyre supplier must undertake to provide no more than one specification of wet-weather tyre at each Event which must be of one homogenous compound;
- each tyre supplier must undertake to provide no more than one specification of extreme-weather tyre at each Event which must be of one homogenous compound;
- if, in the interests of maintaining current levels of circuit safety, the FIA deems it necessary to reduce tyre grip, it shall introduce such rules as the tyre suppliers may advise or, in the absence of advice which achieves the FIA's objectives, specify the maximum permissible contact areas for front and rear tyres.
74) Type of tyres:
a) All dry-weather tyres must incorporate circumferential grooves square to the wheel axis and around the entire circumference of the contact surface of each tyre.
B) Each front dry-weather tyre, when new, must incorporate 4 grooves which are:
- arranged symmetrically about the centre of the tyre tread;
- at least 14mm wide at the contact surface and which taper uniformly to a minimum of 10mm at the lower surface;
- at least 2.5mm deep across the whole lower surface;
- 50mm (+/- 1.0mm) between centres.
Furthermore, the tread width of the front tyres must not exceed 270mm.
c) Each rear dry-weather tyre, when new, must incorporate 4 grooves which are:
- arranged symmetrically about the centre of the tyre tread;
- at least 14mm wide at the contact surface and which taper uniformly to a minimum of 10mm at the lower surface;
- at least 2.5mm deep across the whole lower surface;
- 50mm (+/- 1.0mm) between centres.
The measurements referred to in B) and c) above will be taken when the tyre is fitted to a wheel and inflated to 1.4 bar.
d) A wet-weather tyre is one which has been designed for use on a wet or damp track.
All wet-weather tyres must, when new, have a contact area which does not exceed 280cm² when fitted to the front of the car and 440cm² when fitted to the rear. Contact areas will be measured over any square section of the tyre which is normal to and symmetrical about the tyre centre line and which measures 200mm x 200mm when fitted to the front of the car and 250mm x 250mm when fitted to the rear. For the purposes of establishing conformity, void areas which are less than 2.5mm in depth will be deemed to be contact areas.
Prior to use at an Event, each tyre manufacturer must provide the technical delegate with a full scale drawing of each type of wet-weather tyre intended for use.
e) An extreme-weather tyre is one which has been designed for use on a wet track.
All extreme-weather tyres must, when new, have a contact area which does not exceed 240cm² when fitted to the front of the car and 375cm² when fitted to the rear. Contact areas will be measured over any square section of the tyre which is normal to and symmetrical about the tyre centre line and which measures 200mm x 200mm when fitted to the front of the car and 250mm x 250mm when fitted to the rear. For the purposes of establishing conformity, void areas which are less than 5.0mm in depth will be deemed to be contact areas.
Prior to use at an Event, each tyre manufacturer must provide the technical delegate with a full scale drawing of each type of extreme-weather tyre intended for use.
f) Tyre specifications will be determined by the FIA no later than 1 September of the previous season. Once determined in this way, the specification of the tyres will not be changed during the Championship season without the agreement of the Formula One Commission.
75) Quantity of tyres
a) During the Event no driver may use more than seven sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of wet-weather tyres and three sets of extreme-weather tyres. A set of tyres will be deemed to comprise two front and two rear tyres all of which must be of the same specification.
If a driver change is made during an Event the tyres allocated to the original driver must be used by the new driver. If the new driver is a third driver entered under Article 58(B), any tyres used on the first day of practice will not count towards his total number of sets.
76) Control of tyres:
a) The outer sidewall of all tyres which are to be used at an Event must be marked with a unique identification.
B) Other than in cases of force majeure (accepted as such by the stewards of the meeting), all tyres intended for use at an Event must be presented to the FIA technical delegate for allocation prior to the end of initial scrutineering.
c) At any time during an Event, and at his absolute discretion, the FIA technical delegate may select alternative dry-weather tyres to be used by any team or driver from among the relevant stock of tyres which such team's designated supplier has present at the Event.
d) A competitor wishing to replace one unused tyre by another identical unused one must present both tyres to the FIA technical delegate.
e) The use of tyres without appropriate identification may result in deletion of the relevant driver's qualifying time or exclusion from the race.
f) The only permitted type of tyre heating devices are blankets which use resistive heating elements.
77) Use of tyres
a) No driver may use more than one specification of dry-weather tyre after the start of the qualifying practice session.
B) Prior to the start of the qualifying practice session wet and extreme-weather tyres may only be used after the track has been declared wet by the race director, following which extreme, wet or dry-weather tyres may be used for the remainder of the session.
78) Wear of tyres:
The Championship will be contested on grooved tyres. The FIA reserve the right to introduce at any time a method of measuring remaining groove depth if performance appears to be enhanced by high wear or by the use of tyres which are worn so that the grooves are no longer visible.

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